Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

Nanostructures Chengzhou Zhu,†,§ Guohai Yang,†,§ He Li,†,§ Dan Du,† and Yuehe Lin*,†,‡ †School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States ‡Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States ■ CONTENTS Nonenzymatic Sensors 231 Glucose 231 Hydrogen Peroxide 231 Cation 232 Anion 232 Other Species 232 Electrochemical Enzyme-Based Biosensors 233 Immobilization Strategies 233 Direct Electron Transfer (DET) 234 Other Papers of Interest 235 Genosensors 236 Nucleic Acid Assay 236 Design of DNA Probe 236 Enzyme-Based Amplification 237 Nanomaterial-Enhanced Signal Amplification 238 Other Approaches for Signal Amplification 239 New Methods for DNA Detection 239 Electrochemical Detection of DNA Damage 239 Immunosensors 239 Voltammetry and Amperometry-Based Immunoassay 240 Biomarkers and Bacteria Detection 240 Graphene 241 Other Nanomaterials 241 Electrochemiluminescence 242 Photoelectrochemistry 242 Other Papers of Interest 242 Cytosensors 243 Label-Free Cytosensing 243 Sandwich Cytosensing 244 Conclusions 244 Author Information 245 Corresponding Author 245 Author Contributions 245 Notes 245 Biographies 245 Acknowledgments 245 References 245